Cognitive Consequences of a Biased World: Investigating Affective Processing of Intergroup Perception & Contact

Abstract

Social interactions profoundly influence our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors, with bias and emotions as two key components involved in every encounter. Intergroup bias (a cognitive pattern of favoring members of one’s in-group over out-group members) and emotion regulation (cognitive processes used to manage and respond to emotional experiences) play pivotal roles in shaping cognitive and emotional responses within intergroup dynamics. While prior research explores both emotions and cognitive biases related to activated intergroup contact concerns, the affective mechanisms underlying these effects have not yet been concisely integrated. In reviewing relevant literature, this work aims to contribute to the comprehensive perspective of affective processing (processing of experiences that influence ‘feelings’) and self-regulation in social cognition, as it relates to intergroup contact.

Building upon existing research, this study’s theoretical framework stems from the Dual Competition Model (Pessoa, 2014), suggesting that the dual demands of emotion regulation and bias control (an internal inhibition mechanism) during intergroup contact deplete self-regulatory resources. Connectivity of the fronto-limbic system contributes to the high cognitive load involved in intergroup interactions, impairing subsequent executive functioning and exacerbating related affect. Cognitive reappraisal emerges as a promising antecedent-focused solution, utilizing the malleability of affective states to proactively shift emotion dysregulation in intergroup settings. By reframing interpretations of intergroup dynamics and fostering positive evaluations, cognitive reappraisal can mitigate negative affect and reduce cognitive demands, indirectly regulating intergroup emotions. This strategy, culturally sensitive and adaptable, holds the potential to enhance intergroup cohesion. Overall, this study highlights the intricate relationship between intergroup bias, emotion regulation, and cognitive control, offering a single regulatory solution to a complex interpersonal problem. Future research directions encompass interventions targeting cognitive control and emotion regulation, aimed at improving intergroup relations and reducing out-group biases. However, empirical studies are needed to validate these theoretical frameworks and assess their practical implications in real-world settings.